Meta-analysis of the reduced relative feedback frequency effect on motor learning and performance

A fundamental motor learning principle conveyed in textbooks is that augmented terminal feedback frequency differentially affects and performance. The guidance hypothesis predicts relative to a reduced of feedback, providing learners with following every practice trial enhances performance but degrades subsequent learning. This change effectiveness for each called reversal effect, because it thought variables can have distinct impacts on performance, delayed retention tests are considered the gold standard research. objectives this meta-analysis were a) synthesize available evidence regarding frequency, test whether there significant changes from acquisition immediate retention, b) evaluate potential moderators these effects, c) investigate influence publication bias literature. We screened 1662 articles found PubMed PsycINFO databases as well reference tracing targeted author search. final sample 61 eligible papers included primary analysis ( k = 75, N 2228). Results revealed substantial heterogeneity no moderators, high levels uncertainty, effect at any time point. Further, multilevel analyses or retention. Z-curve suggested studies severely underpowered. These results suggest robust lacking. • does not indicate appear significantly There literature although source remains unaccounted for. reviewed be supported by extant